Abstract
Carbon accounting is important to understand trends in carbon emissions and to guide initiatives to reduce emissions. However, data underlying carbon accounting is often not available or transparent, making it difficult to identify high carbon emitting activities. This challenge is especially pertinent to schools as school administrators track activities but may lack a common denomination to convert those activities to carbon emisions. In this paper, we ask: How can carbon emissions tracking be applied to a school setting? What are potential environmental, social, and economic implications, and what solutions are there to reduce the emissions? To collect data, we built a dynamic website using quantitative and qualitative self-reported school data on transportation, energy, and waste management. We expect an assessment of this data to highlight the high carbon emitting activities for different types of schools (e.g. elementary, middle, and high schools), at which policy interventions can be targeted. The findings indicate that schools contribute a significant amount of carbon emissions primarily from energy use in buildings and a reliance on old diesel buses for transportation; emissions are partially offset by waste management practices but these practices are not consistently adopted. The paper found no significant correlation between underserved races or low income areas and carbon emissions. We recommend several initiatives to help reduce schools’ emissions such as transitioning to electric buses, increasing walk zones and carpooling, and recycling more while decreasing landfill use. Overall, the paper offers baseline emissions and potential solutions that can help MCPS achieve their goal of being carbon neutral by mid 2030s.
Introduction
The Earth is our only home. Yet, humans are destroying it. As we release more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, the world gets warmer. Glaciers melt, sea levels rise, natural disasters happen more often and more randomly. Not only are natural features impacted, but also people. Negative health effects occur from pollution in the air, land, and water1. Also, we are not sustainable with our resources whether it is from using too much electricity/water to over-farming land2. Corporations play a big role in emitting carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.3. To counteract this, these corporations have started to track their carbon emissions using carbon accounting.
Carbon accounting is the data collection of carbon emissions emitted by an entity, which includes hospitals, universities, corporations, and local governments. This is used to track the carbon footprint of the entity over time and is important as it provides insight on the amount of CO2 emitted by the entity and to what activities these emissions are attributed. Carbon accounting has three scopes, as defined by the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol4. Scope 1 is greenhouse gas emissions directly from the entity. It can be controlled or owned by the organization. Scope 2 is indirect greenhouse gas emission, specifically electricity or natural gas where it is purchased outside the entity but physically used inside the entity. Finally, Scope 3 is another form of indirect emissions but is a consequence of the activities of the entity.
By tracking their carbon emissions, entities can create baselines and trends over a certain amount of time. They can also look at which areas of activities produce the most carbon dioxide emissions and make targeted changes. They can see the positive and negative implications of certain activities, which may influence how they plan certain actions in order to lower their footprint.
So far, mainly governments and corporations have started to track their emissions but schools largely have not. Researchers should begin to direct their attention to the carbon accounting of schools. Schools are an essential place to start reducing climate change and can also educate the next generation. Schools not only have older and less efficient buildings but also have students who can lead the way for the next generation in carbon reduction. Schools can be a place to start reducing these emissions as they have old and less efficient buildings and could easily reduce carbon emissions when environment-friendly changes are made to them5. Whether it is from transportation, energy, or waste, schools can find ways to reduce their carbon footprint and to calculate the relevant emissions as a first step.
In this paper, we track carbon emissions from three areas in schools: transportation, energy, and waste. Transportation falls into scope 1 of carbon accounting as it is directly from the buses that these schools use. Energy is part of scope 2 as schools receive energy from outside sources such as electricity and natural gas. Waste is in scope 3 emissions as waste comes from greenhouse gasses emitted through the decomposition of materials and activities of schools4,6.
Transportation is an integral part of the carbon accounting measurement specifically for schools. Buses that run on gasoline or diesel output large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. Electric buses have zero tailpipe emissions and have no negative health consequences7. However, these other buses emit carbon at high rates. Transportation, specifically, makes up 27% of the total U.S. Greenhouse Gas emissions by economic sector in 20208. Transportation clearly has an impact on carbon footprints and should be monitored and tracked during the carbon accounting process.
Energy is also an important factor when calculating emissions and should be addressed for accounting. Studies have been done in carbon accounting to calculate the footprint from electricity. By using a practice of benchmarking (comparing processes and performance of other industries), a study found that there was a 19% reduction in CO2 emission from electricity9. Due to counting these emissions from electricity, organizations were able to use the process of benchmarking to reduce these emissions. Also, as of 2020, electricity makes up 25% of carbon emissions in the US8.
Finally, waste is necessary for not only calculating the negative impacts of waste disposal, but also the positives such as recycling and composting10. Different waste treatments cause different volumes of greenhouse gasses. Quantifying and analyzing this data shows that recycling is the most effective method of waste9. According to the EPA, recycling is a positive when it comes to carbon footprints as it is using materials again rather than taking the energy and resources to create it again. Therefore, in the carbon accounting process, it should have a negative carbon emission as it is beneficial to the environment1112.
A tool can be created to calculate all of these carbon emissions in order to calculate the total carbon emissions. It should allow schools to be aware that their own footprint is important as it educates students. Tools such as a website or a calculator itself will allow for schools to place emphasis on areas that emit the most carbon dioxide and make the necessary changes13. The primary author created a website, based on calculation information from the EPA, which uses emission data from all three of these sections to calculate the total carbon footprint for each section and the combined results. Even though carbon accounting has been done in other industries, the EPA has not created voluntary disclosure specifically for schools. Thus, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no uniform methodology for schools to report their carbon emissions. The website allows for users to input carbon emission data from their school and save it. They can access it at any time. can input data from any year they want in order to create a baseline and see if there have been improvements towards making a reduction of their carbon footprint.
Results
Based on school data received for the academic year 2018-19, Montgomery County Public Schools14
contributed to approximately 418 million tons of CO2 equivalent emissions. The breakdown by school type, emission type and relative contributions are summarized in the Table 1.
MCPS School type | Transport | Energy | Waste | Total | # students | Total lbs CO2/student | ||||
(lbs CO2 million) | % | (lbs CO2 million) | % | (lbs CO2 million) | % | (lbs CO2 million) | % | |||
Elementary School(ES) | 101 | 54% | 103 | 55% | -18 | -10% | 186 | 100% | 76,195 | 2,438 |
Middle School (MS) | 49 | 51% | 55 | 57% | -7 | -7% | 97 | 100% | 35,841 | 2,705 |
High School (HS) | 61 | 45% | 81 | 60% | -7 | -5% | 135 | 100% | 49,315 | 2,744 |
Total | 211 | 238 | -31 | 418 | 161,351 | 2,591 |
MCPS School type | Transport (%) | Energy (%) | Waste (%) |
Elementary School(ES) | 48% | 43% | 57% |
Middle School (MS) | 23% | 23% | 22% |
High School (HS) | 29% | 34% | 21% |
Total | 100% | 100% | 100% |
School | Total emissions (lbs CO2 ) | Transportation (lbs CO2) | Energy (lbs CO2) | Waste (lbs CO2) | Students | |
Top 2 | Poolesville HS | 3,609,608 | 1,792,676 | 1,967,170 | -150,238 | 1,185 |
Northwest HS | 4,247,772 | 2,287,192 | 2,258,967 | -298,387 | 2,586 | |
Average | All HS | 5,363,850 | 2,452,360 | 3,223,354 | -263,236 | 1,973 |
Bottom 2 | Paint Branch HS | 6,826,448 | 3,028,811 | 4,081,124 | -283,487 | 2,005 |
Gaithersburg HS | 7,987,261 | 3,485,554 | 4,853,775 | -352,068 | 2,352 | |
Top 2 | Loiederman, A. Mario MS | 1,521,150 | 508,997 | 1,189,049 | -176,896 | 986 |
Newport Mill MS | 1,735,267 | 901,243 | 962,977 | -128,953 | 675 | |
Average | All MS | 2,486,124 | 1,259,668 | 1,404,813 | -178,357 | 919 |
Bottom 2 | Gaithersburg MS | 3,263,692 | 1,752,159 | 1,747,907 | -236,374 | 863 |
Lakelands Park MS | 3,668,429 | 2,183,290 | 1,660,671 | -175,532 | 1,121 | |
Top 2 | Cold Spring ES | 350,892 | 43,955 | 432,294 | -125,357 | 330 |
Highland View ES | 556,013 | 112,456 | 630,787 | -187,230 | 440 | |
Average | All ES | 1,411,107 | 767,659 | 784,149 | -134,842 | 567 |
Bottom 2 | Sherwood ES | 2,421,560 | 1,730,147 | 830,010 | -138,597 | 527 |
Matsunaga, Spark M. ES | 3,137,040 | 1,521,910 | 1,743,276 | -128,146 | 728 |
To further understand schools’ environmental performance, we ran a series of regressions on three categories of emissions: Transportation, Energy, and Waste.
Regression
We ran a regression on transportation emissions with the bus miles and number of students as independent variables. The results demonstrate a statistically significant correlation at the 0.05 level between both independent variables and transportation emissions. Similarly, we ran a regression on the energy emissions using the square footage and population of the school; the results had similar results indicating a statistically significant positive correlation. Finally, a regression on waste emissions with the number of students yielded a statistically significant correlation.
x-value | y-value | Pr(>|t|) | Estimate |
Students | Transportation Emissions | 2.00E-16 | 991.46 |
Bus Miles | Transportation Emissions | <2e-16 | 5.79E+02 |
Students | Energy Emissions | 0.0298 | 2.71E+02 |
Year Renovated | Energy Emissions | <2e-16 | 8.76E+00 |
Square Footage | Energy Emissions | <2e-16 | 1.04E+01 |
Students | Waste Emissions | <2e-16 | -92.414 |
Site Size | Waste Emissions | <2e-16 | -92.414 |
Race and Socioeconomic status
A regression was run with total emissions and these socioeconomic statuses. The first was hispanic and black % (number of black & hispanic students as a % of total students in any school). Then, we rain similar regressions using variables representing students receiving Special Education (students with disabilities from birth through age 21) and Free And Reduced-price Meals (FARMS). Finally, we ran a regression with total carbon emissions as a dependent variable and the percentage of English for Speakers of Other Languages(ESOL) i.e. students who qualify under the ESOL category in schools as the independent variable.
Pr(>|t|) | Hispanic/Black % | Special Education | FARMS | ESOL |
Elementary | 0.946 | 0.20265 | 0.975 | 0.554 |
Middle | 0.3039 | 0.564 | 0.3375 | 0.1593 |
High | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN |
Discussion
Transportation
For the 2018-19 academic year, MCPS generated 211 Million lbs of CO2 emissions which accounts for ~50% of all emissions.
School | Transportation (lbs CO2) | Transportation emission / student | Total bus miles per day | #Buses | Miles per bus per day |
Poolesville HS | 1,792,676 | 1,513 | 3,097 | 18 | 172 |
Northwest HS | 2,287,192 | 884 | 3,952 | 37 | 107 |
All HS Average | 2,452,360 | 1,243 | 4,237 | 44 | 97 |
Paint Branch HS | 3,028,811 | 1,511 | 5,233 | 56 | 93 |
Gaithersburg HS | 3,485,554 | 1,482 | 6,022 | 61 | 99 |
Loiederman, A. Mario MS | 508,997 | 516 | 879 | 13 | 68 |
Newport Mill MS | 901,243 | 1,335 | 1,557 | 20 | 78 |
All MS Average | 1,259,668 | 1,371 | 2,158 | 23 | 94 |
Gaithersburg MS | 1,752,159 | 2,030 | 3,027 | 31 | 98 |
Lakelands Park MS | 2,183,290 | 1,948 | 3,772 | 30 | 126 |
Cold Spring ES | 43,955 | 133 | 76 | 1 | 76 |
Highland View ES | 112,456 | 256 | 194 | 2 | 97 |
All ES Average | 767,659 | 1,353 | 1,317 | 14 | 95 |
Sherwood ES | 1,730,147 | 3,283 | 2,989 | 29 | 103 |
Matsunaga, Spark M. ES | 1,521,910 | 2,091 | 2,629 | 22 | 120 |
For transportation, the regression displayed a statistically significant correlation between students and transportation emissions. This suggests that as there are more students in a school, the higher the transportation emissions. This can be attributed for a few reasons such as average travel distances and walk zones.
MCPS has performed a boundary analysis for its school district15
The analysis studies the spatial relationships between students and schools. Some of the findings from these reports can help explain higher bus miles per day for schools in general. Transportation related emissions are primarily driven by bus miles per day which in turn is determined by average travel distances and walk zones.
The average distance to school can provide a good insight into why some schools will need more buses and hence will have higher bus miles per day. Another insight that we can draw from the boundary analysis is population density which is inversely related to bus miles. The denser an attendance area is, the more likely it is to have a lower average distance to school. MCPS studies have shown this negative relationship between density and average distance to school15
Walk zones represent the proportion of students who live within the “Walk Zone” defined by MCPS. The walk zone standards as determined by MCPS are as follows:
- Elementary school students: 1 mile walking radius
- Middle school students: 1.5 mile walking radius
- High school students: 2 mile walking radius
Based on the above definitions, MCPS has determined the walk zone score for each school. The lower the walk zone score, the higher is the dependence on school buses which in turn increases bus miles per day15. Using the above, collated the statistics for the select schools we are tracking and the averages for the school type in the table below:
HS | Average distance traveled (in miles) | Population density (population per square mile) | Walk zone(%) |
Poolesville HS | 2.01 | 116 | 53.08% |
Northwest HS | 2.25 | 1,471 | 47.00% |
All HS Average | 2.50 | 33.14% | |
Paint Branch HS | 2.53 | 2,479 | 3.05% |
Gaithersburg HS | 2.26 | 2,317 | 51.70% |
MS | Average distance traveled (in miles) | Population density (population per square mile) | Walk zone(%) |
Loiederman, A. Mario MS | 1.00 | 7,446 | 54.07% |
Newport Mill MS | 1.19 | 7,440 | 59.13% |
All MS Average | 2.20 | 27.88% | |
Gaithersburg MS | 2.23 | 1,280 | 55.54% |
Lakelands Park MS | 2.28 | 1,399 | 34.82% |
ES | Average distance traveled (in miles) | Population density (population per square mile) | Walk zone(%) |
Cold Spring ES | 0.56 | 3,802 | 100.00% |
Highland View ES | 0.56 | 6,965 | 72.15% |
All ES Average | 1.20 | 4,444 | 41.41% |
Sherwood ES | 2.23 | 630 | Not Available |
Matsunaga, Spark M. ES | 1.55 | 1,302 | 11.80% |
Based on Table 5 and 6, Paint Branch HS has a walk zone score of 3% (vs. 33% score across all HS) which is extremely low and a contributing factor for higher reliance on school buses. MCPS study on district boundary analysis concludes that Northeast Consortium (NEC) cluster schools such as Paint Branch HS have a lower proximity score. This means the students there live farther away from the HS than other students within MCPS. Although Poolesville HS has a low population density score, it still only uses 18 buses (vs. an average of 44 buses for all HS). On further review, Poolesville is a HS choice magnet school where students from out of the school district usually travel via car. Both Loiderman and Newport Mills MS benefit from a lower average distance traveled by students due to higher population density. They also have a better than average walk zone score of ~ 2X the average of all MS. Cold Spring and Highland View ES have extremely high walk zone scores which directly results in a lower number of buses. On further review, Cold Spring ES may be an anomaly as it is a magnet school which may explain why it uses only one bus. Students who participate in the elementary magnet program use their home school bus to commute back and forth during the school day. Sherwood and Matsunaga Spark ES have very low population density which increases the average distance traveled. Also, the walk zone score for Matsunaga ES is very low at roughly 1/3rd the average of all ES16.
Discussion
Based on the study, the following options may be considered for reducing the transportation related CO2 emissions.
School district boundary analysis and redistricting are complex topics where many factors are taken into account. From an emission reduction perspective, it will serve MCPS well if future boundary analysis takes into account the geographic area covered by the buses, population density, and walk zone scores. Electric school buses have a clear advantage over diesel or gasoline buses when it comes to tailpipe emissions as electric buses have zero tailpipe emissions17.Assuming the current district boundaries, schools with high bus miles per day such as Paint Branch HS, Gaithersburg HS & MS, and Lakeland Park MS should be prioritized when MCPS deploys electric school buses. These schools may offer the highest emission reduction for converting them into electric school buses. MCPS has plans to convert 326 school buses from diesel to electric by 2025. They should consider bus miles/day metric in choosing which schools make the cut.
In the past the higher upfront costs of electric buses may have discouraged schools from embracing them. However, in 2022, the Biden Administration passed the Inflation Reduction Act which has incentives for schools to convert to electric buses. For example, the Clean School Bus Program rebates offer up to $285,000 and $375,000 for class 6 and 7 electric buses J. A. D.-K.-. Rep. Yarmuth, Text – H.R.5376 – 117th Congress (2021-2022): Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, 2022, https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5376/text)).
Carpooling, biking, and walking to schools can also lower carbon emissions18. There are real benefits for carpooling both at a societal level and from a schools perspective. If car pooling, biking, and walking is encouraged, schools can actually reduce their reliance on buses which can also help reduce its carbon footprint. More research on the barriers and opportunities of car pooling may be required to understand its impact to MCPS school redistricting and boundary analysis19.
Energy
For the 2018-19 academic year, MCPS generated 238 Million lbs of CO2 emissions which accounts for ~57 % of all emissions. Running a linear regression demonstrated correlation between energy emissions and square feet. It also displayed a correlation with the number of students and energy emissions. The more students in a school, the higher the emissions. The larger the area of the school, the higher the energy emissions because more electricity and heating is needed to disperse the energy throughout the building20.
School | Energy (lbs CO2) | School Sqft | Energy emission /sqft |
Poolesville HS | 1,967,170 | 165,069 | 11.92 |
Northwest HS | 2,258,967 | 340,927 | 6.63 |
All HS Average | 3,223,354 | 305,856 | 10.54 |
Paint Branch HS | 4,081,124 | 347,210 | 11.75 |
Gaithersburg HS | 4,853,775 | 426,899 | 11.37 |
Loiederman, A. Mario MS | 1,189,049 | 131,742 | 9.03 |
Newport Mill MS | 962,977 | 108,191 | 8.90 |
All MS Average | 1,404,813 | 149,468 | 9.40 |
Gaithersburg MS | 1,747,907 | 157,696 | 11.08 |
Lakelands Park MS | 1,660,671 | 153,647 | 10.81 |
Cold Spring ES | 432,294 | 55,185 | 7.83 |
Highland View ES | 630,787 | 59,210 | 10.65 |
All ES Average | 784,149 | 78,724 | 9.96 |
Sherwood ES | 830,010 | 81,749 | 10.15 |
Matsunaga, Spark M. ES | 1,743,276 | 90,740 | 19.21 |
The drivers of energy emissions intensity can be better understood by looking into electricity intensity measured by kwh/square feet and therms/square feet21.
HS | Kwh/square feet | therms/square feet | share of electricity of CO2 emissions |
Poolesville HS | 9.88 | 3.86 | 68% |
Northwest HS | 8.12 | 0 | 100% |
All HS Average | 9.38 | 2.93 | 73% |
Paint Branch HS | 13.18 | 1.00 | 91% |
Gaithersburg HS | 12.88 | 0.86 | 92% |
MS | Kwh/square feet | therms/square feet | share of electricity of CO2 emissions |
Loiederman, A. Mario MS | 7.91 | 2.57 | 72% |
Newport Mill MS | 7.31 | 2.94 | 67% |
All MS Average | 8.92 | 2.38 | 76% |
Gaithersburg MS | 10.25 | 2.72 | 75% |
Lakelands Park MS | 10.10 | 2.57 | 76% |
ES | Kwh/square feet | therms/square feet | share of electricity of CO2 emissions |
Cold Spring ES | 9.60 | 0 | 100% |
Highland View ES | 8.54 | 3.68 | 65% |
All ES Average | 9.06 | 2.39 | 73% |
Sherwood ES | 11.06 | 1.13 | 89% |
Matsunaga, Spark M. ES | 22.65 | 0.73 | 96% |
Based on Tables 7 and 8, we can say the following:
Electricity contributes to about 70-75% of the total energy related carbon emissions across all school types in Montgomery County. For many schools including those selected (at top and bottom levels of total emissions), the natural gas consumption data is incomplete. This has the potential to overstate the ranking of the top and bottom schools.
Matsunaga Spark ES has the highest emissions intensity at 19.21 lbs CO2/square feet which is entirely driven by its electricity intensity at 22.65 kwh/square feet which is more than 2x times the average of all ES. As natural gas data is not available for the full year, its energy related carbon emissions may be understated. More research is warranted to explain what is causing this abnormal level for this elementary school.22.
In 2015, Northwest HS was presented with The Green Ribbon Schools Award program, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education. The U.S. Department of Education’s Green Ribbon Schools honors schools for excellence in resource efficiency, health and wellness, and environmental and sustainability education. This explains its better than average performance as measured by electricity intensity.
Discussion
Based on the study, the following options may be considered for reducing the energy related CO2 emissions:
MCPS has a dedicated team called the School Energy and Recycling Team (SERT) which forms a part of the Department of Facilities Management. The SERT currently only tracks electricity consumption for each school and this does not provide a complete picture of the energy related CO2 emissions. Based on discussions with MCPS staff, natural gas data is not tracked on a consistent basis. With an impact of approximately 25-30% to the energy CO2 emissions, they should consider adding the heating demand (natural gas consumption) of each school into the SERT tracking plan. Rooftop solar panels can be an effective way to lower electricity consumption and in turn reduce CO2 emissions. They may also reduce energy costs which can help schools redirect the money saved into other projects20. Last year, the Biden Administration passed the Inflation Reduction Act which has many incentives for clean technology and some that support schools to directly collect tax benefits for installing solar panels. This would have schools using clean energy and lower their carbon footprint significantly23.
MCPS has a robust peak load management program where they curtail air conditioning demand during summer time. However, the impact of this may be limited from a carbon emissions perspective as the demand curtailment lasts for just one hour when schools are usually closed. MCPS may consider adding an energy efficiency program as that may be more effective and offer meaningful reductions in energy consumption. The case study in the citation shows that energy efficiency for the selected schools reduced electricity consumption by 20-37% over a 4-6 year period15
An energy audit may reveal which schools have the most potential for energy conservation. This is important as schools could identify certain places such as electricity or natural gas consumption and look to reduce it to lower the carbon footprint24
Waste
For the 2018-19 academic year, MCPS generated 31 Million lbs of CO2 emissions offset which helped lower overall emissions by ~9%.
For waste, the linear regression displayed two statistically significant correlations. The more students in a building, the higher the higher negative emissions there are. Similarly, the size of the school displayed a correlation with waste emissions. This can be interpreted by analyzing the different types of waste types and practices that have the highest disposal and carbon coefficients.
School | Waste emissions (lbs CO2) | Waste emissions / student |
Poolesville HS | -150,238 | 127 |
Northwest HS | -298,387 | 115 |
All HS Average | -263,236 | 133 |
Paint Branch HS | -283,487 | 141 |
Gaithersburg HS | -352,068 | 150 |
Loiederman, A. Mario MS | -176,896 | 179 |
Newport Mill MS | -128,953 | 191 |
All MS Average | -178,357 | 194 |
Gaithersburg MS | -236,374 | 274 |
Lakelands Park MS | -175,532 | 157 |
Cold Spring ES | -125,357 | 380 |
Highland View ES | -187,230 | 426 |
All ES Average | -134,842 | 238 |
Sherwood ES | -138,597 | 263 |
Matsunaga, Spark M. ES | -128,146 | 176 |
If the appropriate waste management techniques are applied to waste disposal, schools can offset their total carbon emissions. MCPS has a robust waste management program across most schools; however their impact on carbon emissions is a net reduction of only 9% across the school district. It is important to understand that based on EPA guidelines not all waste management techniques provide the same emission offset. Using the EPA Waste Reduction (WARM 15) model, the emissions offset for various waste management techniques cis summarized in Table 10.
MCPS data received | EPA category | Waste Management Category | Emission offset (CO2 avoided / MT) |
Cardboard | Paper | Recycle | -3.13 |
Commingled | Plastics | Recycle | -1.01 |
Yard Waste | Yard | Composted | -0.15 |
Solid waste | Mixed Materials | Combust | -0.18 |
As can be seen in Table 10, recycling cardboard provides the highest carbon emission offsets. Across all school types, it accounts for 84% of the carbon emission offset.
HS | Cardboard (lbs/student) | Commingled (lbs/student | Yard Waste (lbs/student) | Solid Waste (lbs/student) |
Poolesville HS | 32 | 6 | 6 | 111 |
Northwest HS | 29 | 5 | 6 | 110 |
All HS Average | 35 | 6 | 6 | 112 |
Paint Branch HS | 34 | 13 | 6 | 112 |
Gaithersburg HS | 39 | 5 | 6 | 114 |
MS | Cardboard (lbs/student) | Commingled (lbs/student | Yard Waste (lbs/student) | Solid Waste (lbs/student) |
Loiederman, A. Mario MS | 47 | 9 | 7 | 112 |
Newport Mill MS | 52 | 7 | 7 | 114 |
All MS Average | 54 | 8 | 6 | 112 |
Gaithersburg MS | 79 | 5 | 5 | 115 |
Lakelands Park MS | 43 | 4 | 6 | 112 |
ES | Cardboard (lbs/student) | Commingled (lbs/student | Yard Waste (lbs/student) | Solid Waste (lbs/student) |
Cold Spring ES | 107 | 27 | 7 | 114 |
Highland View ES | 120 | 25 | 5 | 115 |
All ES Average | 67 | 17 | 6 | 112 |
Sherwood ES | 71 | 17 | 4 | 113 |
Matsunaga, Spark M. ES | 51 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
Based on Tables 9, 10 and 11, compared to their peers, Gaithersburg HS and MS have a better than average cardboard recycling metric per student. As this waste management category offers the highest carbon offset, Gaithersburg HS and MS have a better than average carbon emission offset. While this helps with carbon emissions reductions, these schools are still among the highest in total emissions as waste provides a very small offset to their higher than average transportation and energy emissions. Cold Spring and Highland View ES use double the average cardboard for recycling and this helps with their emission offset per student metric. Both these schools were awarded the SERT quarterly recycling award in 2018-19.
Discussion
Overall MCPS and its administrators offer many opportunities for the schools to manage waste in an environmentally friendly manner. Waste management from cardboard recycling offers the highest emissions offset but statistics across school types indicates a wide distribution of this practice. More work can be done here to bring the overall levels higher. Although waste management only offers 9% of the total emissions, more research is required to determine whether this is the highest possible impact. Future research can look into what is the total waste produced by each school and what percentage of that waste is converted into waste management practices.
Emissions vs. Underserved races, special needs and socio-economic status
Climate change has a disproportionate impact on people of color and those suffering from socio-economic inequalities25,26.While this claim may be true for the study, we did a regression analysis as shown in Table 4, which looked across each MCPS school type using race, special education, ESOL and FARMS. The results did not show any correlation. One reason for this may be the diverse demographic of the county. As shown in Table 12 below, MCPS belongs to a diverse community with multi ethnic races.
Race | % |
Hispanic/Latino | 33.4 |
White | 25.3 |
Black/African American | 21.9 |
Asian | 14.1 |
Two or more races | 5.0 |
Materials and Methods
In our paper, we evaluate the environmental performance of schools using three broad categories – transportation, energy consumption and waste (including disposal mechanisms).
In order to determine what factors influenced the carbon emissions for each of the three types, we ran multiple linear regression models. A Pr(>|t|) value less than 0.05 indicated strong correlation between the two variables tested and justified emissions. The regression coefficient reports the amount of carbon emissions produced when the x-value is increased by 1 unit. For example, if the coefficient is -0.4, then an increase in one unit of the x variable leads to a decrease by 0.4 units of the y variable (here, carbon emissions).
Transportation
School buses
Schools use buses to transport students to/from schools and over any academic year; buses also take multiple trips a day depending on the route they cover. Using data provided by the Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS) sustainability team, we derived the number of school buses used by each school per academic year. Although MCPS has aspirations to use electric vehicles, at this time the vast majority of the school buses are diesel based. The website has the ability to categorize school buses into diesel, gasoline or electric anticipating a gradual shift in the fuel type. We also received and summarized the miles traveled by all the school buses related to any particular school.
Using US Department of Energy27
data, the primary author was able to determine the fuel mileage for each bus type to arrive at gallons of fuel consumed (diesel or gasoline) per year:
Gallons of fuel consumed = Miles driven / MPG fuel type Eq. 1
From the data derived from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency28, I derived the CO2 emissions factor for diesel fuel. First the primary author converted kg CO2/gallon to lbs CO2/gallon (10.21 * 2204.62=22.5091) using standard conversion metric (1 kg = 2.20462 pounds (lbs). A similar calculation for gasoline buses can be performed if the school bus uses conventional gasoline as a fuel. Although the carbon content of diesel is higher, it will result in lower gallons of fuel consumed as it is much more efficient than gasoline. Once we have the gallons of fuel consumed and the lbs of CO2 emissions per gallon, we can derive the lbs of CO2 emission from all the school buses for a particular school in an academic year.
Carpool and walkers
To make sure we are accounting for all students of each school, we have included students who carpool and those who walk. In further analyses, it’s important to understand how the mix of students using different transport options changes. While data for carpool students may not be readily available, any increase in carpool or walker students that may reduce the reliance on the current number of buses can help bring down the carbon emissions of the school.
Energy
Electricity
School building cooling demand is one of the main indirect drivers of CO2 emissions. To accurately determine the underlying emission source, it is important to know the fuel mix that is used to generate electricity. Using data collected by MCPS sustainability team, we compiled electricity consumption for an academic year for each school. The next step would be to identify based on the zip code where the school is located, the lbs/Mwh CO2 emission for schools located in that zipcode. The EPA website29.
In case electricity consumption is not readily available, we can also use the dollar amount to convert bill data to equivalent consumption. This involves an extra step which to convert $/month to kWh by using the price/kWh of electricity for commercial business30.
Electricity based CO2 Emissions = Eq. 2
- If input is dollars, then, (average monthly electric bill / price per kWh) * electricity emission factor * months in a year
- If input is kWh, then, average number of kWh consumed per month * electricity emission factor * months in a year.
Natural Gas
School building heating can be done using either natural gas or electricity. In case it’s done using electricity, data included in the electricity section will represent both cooling and heating demand. However the website is able to handle calculations for natural gas heating and this section looks at CO2 emissions where natural gas is used for heating.
Once we get school data on heating demand in therms or thousand cubic feet (ccf), we use conversion factors of 11.6889 lbs of CO2 per therm of natural gas or 119.58 lbs of CO2 per thousand cubic feet of natural gas. In case natural gas consumption is not readily available, we can also use the dollar amount to convert bill data to equivalent consumption. This involves an extra step which the website calculates by converting $/month to ccf by using the price/ccf for natural gas for commercial business31.
Natural Gas based CO2 Emissions = Eq. 3
- If input is dollars, then, (average monthly gas bill per month / price per thousand cubic feet) pounds of CO2 per thousand cubic feet of natural gas * months in a year
- If input is thousand cubic feet, then, (average number of thousand cubic feet consumed per month * pounds of CO2 per thousand cubic feet of natural gas * months in a year
- If input is therms, (average number of therms consumed per month * pounds of CO2 per therm of natural gas * months in a year
Propane
The use of propane in a school setting is fairly limited however for the sake of completeness, the website takes into account this source of CO2 emission using an emission factor of 12.61 lbs/gallon30.
Propane based CO2 Emissions = Eq. 4
- If input is dollars, then, (average monthly propane bill / price per gallon) * propane emission factor * months in a year
- If input is gallons, then, (average gallons of propane consumed per month) * propane emission factor * months in a year
Fuel Oil
The use of fuel oil in a school setting is also fairly limited, however for the sake of completeness, the website takes into account this source of CO2 emission using Emission factor of 22.51lbs/gallon30.
Fuel Oil based CO2 Emissions = Eq. 5
- If input is dollars, then, (average monthly fuel oil bill / price per gallon) * fuel oil emission factor * months in a year
- If input is gallons, then, (average gallons of fuel oil consumed per month) * fuel oil emission factor * months in a year
Waste
Schools generate a tremendous amount of waste and it’s important to understand not only the type of waste but also what are the current waste disposal practices. The EPA has done an extensive study here and has made available a Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to help quantify it32.WARM provides a convenient way to quantify potential GHG emissions from different waste types and waste management practices. In a school setting, these waste types have been summarized as:
- Paper
- Food Waste
- Yard Trimmings
- Mixed Plastics
- Electronics
- Metals
- Glass
- Construction Materials
- Tires
- Mixed Materials
Based on my discussions with MCPS sustainability team, the waste management practices at schools can be summarized as:
- Recycle
- Landfill
- Combust
- Composted
- Anaerobically Digested
Since MCPS schools all employ waste management practices, I was able to use the WARM (version 15) file to derive what are the GHG emission factors associated with each combination of waste and waste management practice32.Using the WARM emission tables and data from individual schools about their waste type and waste management practices, we can derive the lbs of CO2 of emissions:
Lbs of CO2 emissions = (MT of waste x CO2 emission factor for Eq. 6
waste type/waste management combination )* 2204.62 lbs/MT
Conclusion
Carbon accounting is beneficial to schools to determine where they are in the carbon reduction journey. Calculating and accounting for their carbon emissions is the first step of the carbon reduction process to have a ‘greener’ and more just future. This project can be expanded across other counties in order to broaden the sample size and create a richer data set that encompasses more geographic regions and their social, economic, and political status. MCPS did not impact these socioeconomic groups as there was no correlation found between total emissions and these groups. Some solutions to reduce a schools carbon footprint is by converting to electric buses, installing solar panels, and by recycling paper and cardboard.
By allowing a publically-accessible voluntary disclosure, anybody can access the data and do their part in reducing emissions as there is more oversight and accountability.
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